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A systematic approach in load disaggregation utilizing a multi-stage classification algorithm for consumerelectrical appliances classification

Chuan Choong YANG, Chit Siang SOH, Vooi Voon YAP

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第2期页码 386-398 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0497-z

摘要： The potential to save energy in existing consumer electrical appliances is very high. One of the ways to achieve energy saving and improve energy use awareness is to recognize the energy consumption of individual electrical appliances. To recognize the energy consumption of consumer electrical appliances, the load disaggregation methodology is utilized. Non-intrusive appliance load monitoring (NIALM) is a load disaggregation methodology that disaggregates the sum of power consumption in a single point into the power consumption of individual electrical appliances. In this study, load disaggregation is performed through voltage and current waveform, known as the - trajectory. The classification algorithm performs cropping and image pyramid reduction of the - trajectory plot template images before utilizing the principal component analysis (PCA) and the -nearest neighbor ( -NN) algorithm. The novelty of this paper is to establish a systematic approach of load disaggregation through - trajectory-based load signature images by utilizing a multi-stage classification algorithm methodology. The contribution of this paper is in utilizing the “ -value,” the number of closest data points to the nearest neighbor, in the -NN algorithm to be effective in classification of electrical appliances. The results of the multi-stage classification algorithm implementation have been discussed and the idea on future work has also been proposed.

关键词： load disaggregation voltage-current (V-I) trajectory multi-stage classification algorithm principal component analysis (PCA) k-nearest neighbor (k-NN)

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Exergy analysis of multi-stage crude distillation units

Xingang LI, Canwei LIN, Lei WANG, Hong LI

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第4期页码 437-446 doi: 10.1007/s11705-013-1349-y

摘要： This paper aims to investigate the multi-stage effect on crude distillation units (CDUs) in thermodynamics. In this regard, we proposed three-, four-, five-, and six-stage CDU processes with all variables constrained to be almost the same except for the number of stages. We also analyzed the energy and exergy to assess the energy consumed by each process. Because additional distillation units would share the processing load and thus prevent products with low boiling points from overheating, the heat demand of the CDUs decreases with increasing stages and thus reduces the heat supply. Exergy loss is considered as a key parameter to assess these processes. When the exergy losses in heat exchangers are disregarded, the three- and four-stage CDUs have lower exergy losses than the five- and six-stage CDUs. When the overall exergy losses are considered, the optimum number of stages of CDUs depends on the exergy efficiency of heat integration.

关键词： exergy exergy loss crude oil distillation multi-stage energy saving

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Design of bio-oil additives via molecular signature descriptors using a multi-stage computer-aided molecular

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第2期页码 168-182 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2056-8

摘要： Direct application of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis as a fuel has remained a challenge due to its undesirable attributes such as low heating value, high viscosity, high corrosiveness and storage instability. Solvent addition is a simple method for circumventing these disadvantages to allow further processing and storage. In this work, computer-aided molecular design tools were developed to design optimal solvents to upgrade bio-oil whilst having low environmental impact. Firstly, target solvent requirements were translated into measurable physical properties. As different property prediction models consist different levels of structural information, molecular signature descriptor was used as a common platform to formulate the design problem. Because of the differences in the required structural information of different property prediction models, signatures of different heights were needed in formulating the design problem. Due to the combinatorial nature of higher-order signatures, the complexity of a computer-aided molecular design problem increases with the height of signatures. Thus, a multi-stage framework was developed by developing consistency rules that restrict the number of higher-order signatures. Finally, phase stability analysis was conducted to evaluate the stability of the solvent-oil blend. As a result, optimal solvents that improve the solvent-oil blend properties while displaying low environmental impact were identified.

关键词： computer-aided molecular design bio-oil additives molecular signature descriptor

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多阶段系统多目标优化的模糊优选动态规划方法及应用

熊德琪,殷佩海

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第9期页码 65-69

摘要：

在模糊权距离和隶属度概念的基础上，根据多阶段系统前后阶段联系特点，将模糊优选理论与动态规划原理有机地结合起来，提出能够有效地寻求多阶段多目标优化问题的最优均衡策略的模糊优选动态规划技术，为求解多目标多阶段系统的优化决策问题提供了新路。最后例举一个多级反应器系统最优控制的应用算例。

关键词：多阶段多目标优化模糊优选动态规划隶属度

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Pragmatic multi-stage simulated annealing for optimal placement of synchrophasor measurement units in

Pathirikkat GOPAKUMAR,M. JAYA BHARATA REDDY,Dusmata Kumar MOHANTA

《能源前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第2期页码 148-161 doi: 10.1007/s11708-015-0344-z

摘要： Conventional power grids across the globe are reforming to smart power grids with cutting edge technologies in real time monitoring and control methods. Advanced real time monitoring is facilitated by incorporating synchrophasor measurement units such as phasor measurement units (PMUs) to the power grid monitoring system. Several physical and economic constraints limit the deployment of PMUs in smart power grids. This paper proposes a pragmatic multi-stage simulated annealing (PMSSA) methodology for finding the optimal locations in the smart power grid for installing PMUs in conjunction with existing conventional measurement units (CMUs) to achieve a complete observability of the grid. The proposed PMSSA is much faster than the conventional simulated annealing (SA) approach as it utilizes controlled uphill and downhill movements during various stages of optimization. Moreover, the method of integrating practical phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement conditions like PMU channel limits and redundant placement can be easily handled. The efficacy of the proposed methodology has been validated through simulation studies in IEEE standard bus systems and practical regional Indian power grids.

关键词： phasor measurement units (PMUs) pragmatic PMU placement simulated annealing (SA) western region Indian power grid (WRIPG)

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Exergy analysis of R1234ze(Z) as high temperature heat pump working fluid with multi-stage compression

Bin HU, Di WU, L.W. WANG, R.Z. WANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第4期页码 493-502 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0510-6

摘要： In this paper, the simulation approach and exergy analysis of multi-stage compression high temperature heat pump (HTHP) systems with R1234ze(Z) working fluid are conducted. Both the single-stage and multi-stage compression cycles are analyzed to compare the system performance with 120°C pressurized hot water supply based upon waste heat recovery. The exergy destruction ratios of each component for different stage compression systems are compared. The results show that the exergy loss ratios of the compressor are bigger than that of the evaporator and the condenser for the single-stage compression system. The multi-stage compression system has better energy and exergy efficiencies with the increase of compression stage number. Compared with the single-stage compression system, the coefficient of performance (COP) improvements of the two-stage and three-stage compression system are 9.1% and 14.6%, respectively. When the waste heat source temperature is 60°C, the exergy efficiencies increase about 6.9% and 11.8% for the two-stage and three-stage compression system respectively.

关键词： multi-stage compression high temperature heat pump heat recovery exergy destruction R1234ze(Z) working fluid

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Multi-stage emergency medicine logistics system optimization based on survival probability

Ke WANG, Yixin LIANG, Lindu ZHAO

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第2期页码 221-228 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2017020

摘要： Using sudden cardiac deaths as an example and maximizing survival rate as the goal, this paper studies the influence of multi-stage medical logistics system optimization on the survival rate of sudden illness. A distribution model of survival is built, drone and ambulance arrival probability over time are discussed, a formula is proposed for maximum possible survival rate based on the probability of emergency medical logistics reaching the patient, and the results are analyzed using empirical data fitting distribution and numerical experiments performed with the model. The model is discussed as a reference point for management decision making by changing model parameters. Results show that compared to using current ambulance vehicles, ambulance drones delivering medical equipment for first aid on-site in emergencies can significantly increase survival rate, and the effect of collaborative multi-stage logistics optimization is better than that of any single stage logistics response optimization. Simulation results show that the medical rescue logistics service radius, speed, loading capacity and performance of ambulance drones impact the probability of survival, and there is an optimal service radius depending on the shape of probability distribution, which provides new information for management decisions.

关键词： emergency medicine logistics ambulance drone survival probability critical illness

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Removal of odors and VOCs in municipal solid waste comprehensive treatment plants using a novel three-stage

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第3期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1421-7

摘要：

A novel three-stage integrated biofilter (TSIBF) composed of acidophilic bacteria reaction segment (ABRS), fungal reaction segment (FRS) and heterotrophic bacteria reaction segment (HBRS) was constructed for the treatment of odors and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)from municipal solid waste (MSW) comprehensive treatment plants. The performance, counts of predominant microorganisms, and bioaerosol emissions of a full-scale TSIBF system were studied. High and stable removal efficiencies of hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and VOCs could be achieved with the TSIBF system, and the emissions of culturable heterotrophic bacteria, fungi and acidophilic sulfur bacteria were relatively low.

关键词： Biofiltration Multi-stage biofilter Volatile organic compounds Waste gas treatment Bioaerosol emissions

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Multi-stage ammonia production for sorption selective catalytic reduction of NO

Chen ZHANG, Guoliang AN, Liwei WANG, Shaofei WU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第5期页码 840-851 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0797-1

摘要： Sorption selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) (sorption-SCR) has ever been proposed for replacing commercial urea selective catalytic reduction of NO_x (urea-SCR), while only the single-stage sorption cycle is hitherto adopted for sorption-SCR. Herein, various multi-stage ammonia production cycles is built to solve the problem of relative high starting temperature with ammonia transfer (AT) unit and help detect the remaining ammonia in ammonia storage and delivery system (ASDS) with ammonia warning (AW) unit. Except for the single-stage ammonia production cycle with MnCl₂, other sorption-SCR strategies all present overwhelming advantages over urea-SCR considering the much higher NO_x conversion driven by the heat source lower than 100°C and better matching characteristics with low-temperature catalysts. Furthermore, the required mass of sorbent for each type of sorption-SCR is less than half of the mass of AdBlue for urea-SCR. Therefore, the multifunctional multi-stage sorption-SCR can realize compact and renewable ammonia storage and delivery with low thermal energy consumption and high NO_x conversion, which brings a bright potential for efficient commercial de-NO_x technology.

关键词： selective catalytic reduction (SCR) nitrogen oxides (NO_x) ammonia composite sorbent chemisorption

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基于子结构分析的多重子步模型修正方法

郭力,李兆霞,陈鸿天

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第9期页码 42-48

摘要：

为了解决模型修正过程中修正目标众多和测量信息有限的矛盾，提出了多重子步模型修正方法(MSMUM)，先进行误差定位，再实现参数修正，把复杂的模型修正过程分步实现。利用子结构技术，使结构模型在整体上仅包含有限数目的子结构，对各子结构所对应的超级单元的刚度参与系数进行识别来实现误差定位，通过建立测量信息与待修正参数间的代数方程来修正误差定位后子结构内部构件的参数。数值算例表明，建立的模型修正方法有效可靠。利用建立的多重子步模型修正方法对润扬大桥南汊悬索桥桥塔模型进行了修正。

关键词：模型修正子结构误差定位参数修正润扬桥

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Optimal placement of wind turbines within a wind farm considering multi-directional wind speed usingtwo-stage genetic algorithm

A.S.O. OGUNJUYIGBE, T.R. AYODELE, O.D. BAMGBOJE

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第1期页码 240-255 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0514-x

摘要： Most wind turbines within wind farms are set up to face a pre-determined wind direction. However, wind directions are intermittent in nature, leading to less electricity production capacity. This paper proposes an algorithm to solve the wind farm layout optimization problem considering multi-angular (MA) wind direction with the aim of maximizing the total power generated on wind farms and minimizing the cost of installation. A two-stage genetic algorithm (GA) equipped with complementary sampling and uniform crossover is used to evolve a MA layout that will yield optimal output regardless of the wind direction. In the first stage, the optimal wind turbine layouts for 8 different major wind directions were determined while the second stage allows each of the previously determined layouts to compete and inter-breed so as to evolve an optimal MA wind farm layout. The proposed MA wind farm layout is thereafter compared to other layouts whose turbines have focused site specific wind turbine orientation. The results reveal that the proposed wind farm layout improves wind power production capacity with minimum cost of installation compared to the layouts with site specific wind turbine layouts. This paper will find application at the planning stage of wind farm.

关键词： optimal placement wind turbines wind direction genetic algorithm wake effect

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Multi-stage dual replica bit-line delay technique for process-variation-robust timing of lowvoltageSRAMsense

Shou-biao TAN,Wen-juan LU,Chun-yu PENG,Zheng-ping LI,You-wu TAO,Jun-ning CHEN

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第16卷第8期页码 700-706 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1400439

摘要： A multi-stage dual replica bit-line delay (MDRBD) technique is proposed for reducing access time by suppressing the sense-amplifier enable (SAE) timing variation of low voltage static random-access memory (SRAM) applications. Compared with the traditional technique, this strategy, using statistical theory, reduces the timing variation by using multi-stage ideas, meanwhile doubling the replica bit-line (RBL) capacitance and discharge path simultaneously in each stage. At a supply voltage of 0.6 V, the simulation results show that the standard deviations of the SAE timing and cycle time with the proposed technique are 69.2% and 47.2%, respectively, smaller than that with a conventional RBL delay technique in TSMC 65 nm CMOS technology (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Taiwan).

关键词： Process-variation-robust Sense amplifier (SA) Replica bit-line (RBL) delay Timing variation

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Urban landscape classification using Chinese advanced high-resolution satellite imagery and an object-orientedmulti-variable model

Li-gang MA,Jin-song DENG,Huai YANG,Yang HONG,Ke WANG

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第16卷第3期页码 238-248 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1400083

摘要： The Chinese ZY-1 02C satellite is one of the most advanced high-resolution earth observation systems designed for terrestrial resource monitoring. Its capability for comprehensive landscape classification, especially in urban areas, has been under constant study. In view of the limited spectral resolution of the ZY-1 02C satellite (three bands), and the complexity and heterogeneity across urban environments, we attempt to test its performance of urban landscape classification by combining a multivariable model with an object-oriented approach. The multiple variables including spectral reflection, texture, spatial autocorrelation, impervious surface fraction, vegetation, and geometry indexes were first calculated and selected using forward stepwise linear discriminant analysis and applied in the following object-oriented classification process. Comprehensive accuracy assessment which adopts traditional error matrices with stratified random samples and polygon area consistency (PAC) indexes was then conducted to examine the real area agreement between a classified polygon and its references. Results indicated an overall classification accuracy of 92.63% and a kappa statistic of 0.9124. Furthermore, the proposed PAC index showed that more than 82% of all polygons were correctly classified. Misclassification occurred mostly between residential area and barren/farmland. The presented method and the Chinese ZY-1 02C satellite imagery are robust and effective for urban landscape classification.

关键词： ZY-1 02C satellite Classification Urban Multi-variable model

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用于手机屏缺陷检测的基于图的两阶段分类网络 Research Article

周超凡1,2,刘妹琴3,2,1,张森林1,2,魏平3,陈霸东3

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第24卷第2期页码 203-216 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2200524

摘要：缺陷检测是手机屏质量控制的重要环节。手机屏缺陷的特性带来了一些具有挑战性的问题，包括：（1）类间相似性和类内差异性；（2）低对比度、微小尺寸或不完整缺陷的识别带来的困难；（3）针对多标签图像的类别相关性建模。为了解决这些问题，本文提出一种图推理模块，它可以堆放在常规的分类模块上。该推理模块利用类别间的依赖性、图像间的关系以及类别图像之间的相互作用来扩展特征维度，并且达到改进低质量图像特征的目的。为了进一步提高分类性能，分类模块的分类器被设计为一个余弦相似度函数。在对比学习的帮助下，分类模块可以更好地初始化推理模块的类别图。在手机屏缺陷数据集上的实验表明，所提出的两阶段网络取得了最佳性能：准确率为97.7％，F-measure为97.3％。这证明了本文所提出的方法在工业应用中是有效的。

关键词：基于图的方法；多标签分类；手机屏缺陷；神经网络

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新冠病毒冷链物流全球传播挑战与多级绿色屏障疫情防控对策

何旭, 刘新旺, 李攀, 王盼盼, 程海军, 李文倩, 李博达, 刘婷, 马军

《工程（英文）》 2022年第9卷第2期页码 13-16 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.08.013

关键词： SARS-CoV-2 Cold chain logistics Green disinfection Epidemic control